This document lists additional resources that reinforce the guidelines and Success Criteria within the Web Sustainability Guidelines (WSG) specification.
Resources may include academic and / or government sources, works from standards bodies, research papers, case studies, relevant content showcasing implementation or use cases, tools (free or open source); or other materials that are relevant to understanding, implementing, or reinforcing the sustainability principles.
Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement is implied. Neither the W3C nor the Sustainable Web Interest Group can guarantee the sustainability of these external resources.
Help improve this page by sharing your ideas, suggestions, or comments via GitHub issues.
Additional Resources
User Experience Design
Guideline 2.1: Display any variables that have a negative impact on your project
Guideline 2.2: Understand visitor requirements or constraints, resolving barriers to access
SC: Identify and define
SC: Visitor constraints
SC: Barriers and access
SC: Barrier removal
SC: Seat at the table
Guideline 2.3: Understand the impact of non-visitors
Guideline 2.4: Consider sustainability throughout the ideation process
SC: Sustainable brand development
SC: Wireframes and prototypes
SC: Participation and testing
Guideline 2.5: Brainstorm ways to resolve any stakeholder issues
SC: Human-centered brainstorming
SC: Ecological brainstorming
Guideline 2.6: Minimize non-essential content, interactivity, or journeys
SC: Efficient paths
SC: Patterns for efficiency
SC: Distraction-free design
SC: Eliminate the non-essential
SC: User-initiated actionable content
Guideline 2.7: Use decorative design with care
Guideline 2.8: Ensure that navigation and way-finding are well-structured
SC: Navigation and search
SC: Navigable sitemaps
SC: New content
Guideline 2.9: Be attentive rather than distracting
SC: Respecting attention
SC: Avoid distraction
SC: Avoid attention-keeping
Guideline 2.10: Use established design patterns and appropriate components
Guideline 2.11: Avoid being manipulative or deceptive
SC: Dark and deceptive design patterns
SC: Using advertisements
SC: Page tracking
SC: Search Engine Optimization
Guideline 2.12: Enable others to understand and reuse your deliverables
SC: Deliverables reusability
SC: Deliverables documentation
SC: Deliverables readability
Guideline 2.13: Use a design system to prioritize interface consistency
Guideline 2.14: Write with purpose, in an accessible, easy-to-understand format
SC: Write clearly
SC: Content formatting
SC: Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
Guideline 2.15: All images must be optimized for sustainability
SC: Need for images
SC: Optimize images
SC: Lazy loading
SC: Sizing and deactivation
SC: Management and usage
Guideline 2.16: All audio or video must be optimized for sustainability
SC: Need for media
SC: Optimize media
SC: Lazy loading
SC: Labels and choice
- Ditch 4K video and new tech to fight climate change
- [[GPF]] - General Policy Framework for the Ecodesign of Digital Services
- 1.9 - Strategy (Interoperable Technologies)
- 4.7 - UX and UI (Media Choices)
- 4.11 - UX and UI (Inform Users)
- 5.3 - Content (Video Definition)
- [[GR491]]
- GreenIT
- 112 - Adapt audio formats to listening contexts
- 114 - Adapt videos to watching contexts
- OpQuast
- 118 - The length of video and audio content is indicated.
- 119 - Videos are user-triggered.
- 120 - Sounds are user-triggered.
- Video performance
SC: Management and usage
Guideline 2.17: Animation must be proportionate and easy to control
SC: Need for animation
SC: Avoid overburdening
SC: Control animation
Guideline 2.18: Web typography must be highly optimized and appropriate
SC: Default typefaces
SC: Font optimization
Guideline 2.19: Suitable alternatives to any provided format must be offered
SC: Open formats
SC: Font subsetting
SC: Alternative text
SC: Audio alternatives
SC: Video alternatives
Guideline 2.20: Provide accessible, usable, minimal web forms
SC: Form simplicity
SC: Form functionality
Guideline 2.21: Consider the impact of visitors using non-visual browsers
SC: Alternative interactions
- [[GPF]] - General Policy Framework for the Ecodesign of Digital Services
- 2.5 - Specifications (Adaptive Design)
- 4.7 - UX and UI (Media Choices)
- [[GR491]]
- 6-3042 - Interface Free Solutions
- IBM Design For Sustainability (PDF)
- Sustainable Web Design
- United Nations [[SDGS]]
- Web Almanac: Sustainability [[ALMANAC]]
Guideline 2.22: Provide useful notifications to improve the visitor's journey
SC: Notification justification
SC: Notification control
SC: Prompts and responses
Guideline 2.23: Reduce the impact of downloadable or physical documents
SC: Printing documents
SC: Optimize documents
- Changing Paper Consumption
- [[GPF]] - General Policy Framework for the Ecodesign of Digital Services
- 4.11 - UX and UI (Inform Users)
- 5.7 - Content (File Size Reduction)
- [[GR491]]
- GreenIT
- 107 - Compress documents
- 108 - Optimize PDF files
- Optimizing PDFs for Web
- United Nations [[SDGS]]
SC: Optimize delivery
SC: Labels and choice
Guideline 2.24: Policies and processes must exist to get stakeholders invested
SC: New features and perspectives
SC: Resourcing and viability
SC: Training and onboarding
SC: Testing and validation
Guideline 2.25: Audit and test for bugs or issues that require resolving
SC: Regular issue testing
SC: Non-regression tests
SC: Regression tests
Guideline 2.26: Measure and test for performance
SC: Performance testing
SC: Measurement and compliance
Guideline 2.27: Ensure features provide maximum value for their impact
Guideline 2.28: Verify that real-world users can successfully use your work
Guideline 2.29: Check for compatibility or platform-specific issues
SC: Compatibility policy
SC: Maintaining compatibility
SC: Frequent testing
SC: Mobile friendly
SC: Progressive web applications (PWAs)
- Assessing the Impact of Service Workers on the Energy Efficiency of Progressive Web Apps [[SWPWA]]
- Evaluating the Impact of Caching on the Energy Consumption and Performance of Progressive Web Apps [[MPWA]]
- GreenIT
- 4019 - Prefer PWA over native mobile applications that are similar to the website
- Investigating the correlation between performance scores and energy consumption of mobile web apps [[PSEC]]
- Starbucks Ordering and Store Locator PWA
- The Carbon Impact of Web Standards [[CIWS]]
- Web Almanac: Sustainability [[ALMANAC]]
Web Development
Guideline 3.1: Set goals based on potential impact considerations
SC: Performance goals
SC: Accountancy types
Guideline 3.2: Remove unnecessary or redundant information
Guideline 3.3: Modularize bandwidth-heavy components within projects
Guideline 3.4: Tree shaking should be used to remove unnecessary code
Guideline 3.5: Redundancy and duplication in code should be avoided
SC: Remove or simplify
SC: Iteration over recreation
SC: Organize code arrangement
Guideline 3.6: Third-party services should be assessed as first parties
SC: Assess third-parties
SC: Third-party implementation
SC: Libraries and frameworks
SC: Self-hosting
SC: Avoiding dependency
SC: Third-party preferences
Guideline 3.7: Code must follow good semantic practices
SC: Semantic code
SC: Optional features
SC: Non-standard code
SC: Custom code
Guideline 3.8: Render blocking should be resolved
SC: Asynchronous code
SC: Priority loading
Guideline 3.9: Information to help understand the usefulness of a page should exist
SC: Metadata and microdata
SC: Search engines
SC: Accessibility aids
Guideline 3.10: Forms must validate for errors, accounting for tooling requirements
SC: Error validation
SC: Label elements
SC: Allow paste
Guideline 3.11: Metadata is structured for machine readability
SC: Required elements
SC: Meta tags
SC: Structured data
Guideline 3.12: Sustainable CSS user preference media queries are used
SC: Media and preference queries
Guideline 3.13: Layouts work across devices and requirements
SC: Device-adaptable
SC: Progressive enhancement
SC: Carbon aware design
SC: Alternative browsing
Guideline 3.14: Use beneficial JavaScript and its APIs
SC: Beneficial JavaScript
SC: Sustainable APIs
- API Green Score
- Battery Status API [[battery-status]]
- CanIUse
- [[GPF]] - General Policy Framework for the Ecodesign of Digital Services
- 1.10 - Strategy (Documented APIs)
- Page Visibility API [[page-visibility]]
- Vibration API [[vibration]]
- Web APIs
- What Web Can Do Today?
SC: API requests
Guideline 3.15: Ensure that your scripts are secure
Guideline 3.16: Dependencies are appropriately used and maintained
SC: Dependency management
SC: Dependency necessity
SC: Dependency updates
Guideline 3.17: Include expected and beneficial files
SC: Expected file formats
SC: Beneficial file formats
Guideline 3.18: Avoid using deprecated, proprietary, or outdated code
Guideline 3.19: Use the most efficient solution to implement your service
SC: Identify requirements
SC: Optimized methodology
SC: Static VS dynamic
SC: Expandability considerations
SC: Interface impact
Guideline 3.20: Use the latest stable language version
SC: Versioning
SC: Language choice
Guideline 3.21: Take advantage of native features and functionality
Guideline 3.22: Run fewer, simpler queries as possible
Hosting, Infrastructure, and Systems
Guideline 4.1: Choose a sustainable hosting provider
SC: Monitor metrics
SC: Equipment longevity
- 2020 Best Practice Guidelines for the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency (PDF)
- AWS WAF
- SUS05-BP01 - Use the minimum amount of hardware to meet your needs
- SUS05-BP04 - Optimize your use of hardware-based compute accelerators
- Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design [[EEDCD]] (PDF)
- Cloud Computing, Server Utilization, & the Environment
- Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency [[CCEEDC]]
- Data center emissions probably 662% higher than big tech claims. Can it keep up the ruse?
- Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks
- Data centres as a source of flexibility for power systems [[DATAFLEX]]
- Digital Reset (PDF)
- Energy Consumption in Data Centres and Broadband Communication Networks in the EU [[ECDCBC]]
- Equations relating total annual energy consumption and chips energy efficiency [[CEE]]
- Europe's consumption in a circular economy: the benefits of longer-lasting electronics [[EEA]]
- [[GPF]] - General Policy Framework for the Ecodesign of Digital Services
- 4.15 - UX and UI (Sustainability Tracking)
- 8.1 - Hosting (Hosting Provider)
- 8.2 - Hosting (Equipment Policy)
- 8.6 - Hosting (Local Datacenters)
- [[GR491]]
- 1-8017 - Datacenter Best Practices
- 4-8040 - Certified Equipment
- 6-8063 - Datacenter Certification
- Measuring the Emissions & Energy Footprint of the ICT Sector [[EEF-ICT]]
- New perspectives on internet electricity use in 2030 [[IEU]]
- Power and Energy Efficiency [[PAEE]]
- Promoting product longevity [[LIFESPAN]]
- Reporting requirements on the energy performance and sustainability of data centres for the Energy Efficiency Directive [[RREPDC]]
- Requirements for Energy Efficiency Management [[REEM]]
- The environmental footprint of the digital world [[FOOTPRINT]]
- The staggering ecological impacts of computation and the cloud [[EICC]]
- The real climate and transformative impact of ICT [[CTICT]]
- United Nations [[SDGS]]
- Use Cases for Energy Efficiency Management [[UCEEM]]
- Where Cloud Meets Cement [[CEMENT]]
- Why hyperscale, modular data centers improve efficiency
SC: Recycling waste
SC: Renewable electricity
SC: Remaining emissions
SC: Domain names
Guideline 4.2: Optimize caching with offline access supported
SC: Utilize caching
SC: Offline access
Guideline 4.3: Compress files where it is beneficial
SC: Server-side compression
SC: Media compression
Guideline 4.4: Setup necessary error pages and redirection links
SC: Error pages
SC: Redirection
Guideline 4.5: Unless required, avoid utilizing unnecessary environments
Guideline 4.6: Allow automation but ensure it is tightly regulated
SC: Automate tasks
SC: Necessitate tasks
SC: Automated scaling
SC: Security tooling
Guideline 4.7: Define the frequency of data refreshes
Guideline 4.8: Backup critical data at routine intervals
Guideline 4.9: Consider the impact and requirements of processing information
SC: Batch processing
SC: Protocol usage
SC: Event-driven architecture
SC: Client VS server
Guideline 4.10: CDN use must be proportionate and sustainable
SC: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)
SC: Sustainability commitment
SC: Local servers
- AWS WAF
- SUS01-BP01 - Choose Region based on both business requirements and sustainability goals
- SUS02-BP04 - Optimize geographic placement of workloads based on their networking requirements
- Consume Local: Towards Carbon Free Content Delivery [[LOCAL]]
- Edge computing
- Electricity Maps
- Geographical Server Relocation: Opportunities and Challenges [[GEO-OPC]]
- [[GPF]] - General Policy Framework for the Ecodesign of Digital Services
- 2.3 - Specifications (Connection Issues)
- 6.2 - Front-End (Caching Mechanisms)
- 6.7 - Front-End (Server Host)
- 7.1 - Back-End (Reusability Caching)
- 8.1 - Hosting (Hosting Provider)
- 8.5 - Hosting (Renewable Documentation)
- 8.6 - Hosting (Local Datacenters)
- [[GR491]]
- Internet Exchange Map
- Microsoft Azure WAF
- Submarine Cable Map
- Towards Game-Theoretic Approaches to Attributing Carbon in Cloud Data Centers [[CARBON-CLOUD]]
- United Nations [[SDGS]]
SC: Inappropriate resources
SC: Close to the source
Guideline 4.11: Infrastructure decisions must meet business requirements
Guideline 4.12: Store data according to the needs of your users
SC: Reduce redundancy
SC: Expiration dates
SC: Classify and tag
SC: Justify storage
SC: Optimize logging
SC: Asset downloads
Business Strategy and Product Management
Guideline 5.1: Have an ethical and sustainable product strategy
SC: Statement availability
SC: Achievements and compliance
SC: Governance over time
SC: Onboarding new members
SC: Documentation
SC: Renewable showcasing
Guideline 5.2: Assign a sustainability representative
Guideline 5.3: Inform, raise awareness, and train for sustainability
SC: Inform and aware
SC: Trained and prepared
SC: Active participation
Guideline 5.4: Communicate the ecological impact of user choices
Guideline 5.5: Estimate a product or service's environmental impact
SC: Life-cycle analysis
SC: Competitor impact
SC: Tooling impact
Guideline 5.6: Define clear organizational sustainability goals and metrics
Guideline 5.7: Verify your efforts using established third-party business certifications
SC: Certification achievement
SC: Certification maintenance
Guideline 5.8:Implement sustainability onboarding guidelines
SC: Training materials
SC: Progress incentivisation
SC: Negative variables
Guideline 5.9: Support mandatory disclosures and reporting
SC: Policies and practices
SC: Impact report
SC: Standards and policies
SC: Impact reduction
Guideline 5.10: Create one or more impact business models
Guideline 5.11: Follow a product management and maintenance strategy
SC: Management and maintenance
SC: Planning strategy
SC: Resourcing products
SC: Resource measurement
SC: Failure indicators
Guideline 5.12: Implement continuous improvement procedures
SC: Continuous improvement
SC: Agile reviews
SC: Iterative consideration
SC: Functionality decisions
SC: Security updates
SC: Skills and maintenance
Guideline 5.13: Document future updates and evolutions
Guideline 5.14: Establish if a digital product or service is necessary
SC: Sustainable Development Goals
SC: Creation evaluation
SC: Avoid duplication
SC: Obstacle consideration
Guideline 5.15: Conduct a full life-cycle assessment
SC: Life-Cycle Assessment
Guideline 5.16: Provide a supplier standards of practice
SC: Vetting potential partners
SC: Collaborative measurement
SC: Informative partner promotion
Guideline 5.17: Share any economic benefits
SC: Living wage
SC: Incentivisation
SC: Employee benefits
SC: Legislation advocation
Guideline 5.18: Share decision-making power with appropriate stakeholders
Guideline 5.19: Use Justice, Equity, Diversity, Inclusion (JEDI) Practices
SC: JEDI practices
SC: Accessibility policy
SC: JEDI training
SC: JEDI improvements
SC: JEDI legislation
Guideline 5.20: Promote responsible data practices
SC: Data practices
SC: Data ownership
Guideline 5.21: Implement appropriate data management procedures
SC: Outdated content
SC: Data controllers
Guideline 5.22: Promote and implement responsible emerging technology practices
SC: Emerging technologies
SC: Disruptive technology
SC: Technology legislation
SC: Environmental responsibilities
- 3rd Global CryptoAsset Benchmarking Study [[CRYPTOBENCH]]
- A Computer Scientist Breaks Down Generative AI's Hefty Carbon Footprint
- A sustainable internet: Missing pieces to a healthy future
- AI and crypto mining are driving up data centers' energy use
- AI could account for nearly half of datacentre power usage 'by end of year'
- AI Energy Score
- AI Environmental Equity
- AI has an environmental problem
- AI is set to drive surging electricity demand from data centres while offering the potential to transform how the energy sector works
- AI Will Spew Gas Fumes for Years Before the Nuclear Revolution Takes Off
- AI's Climate Impact Goes beyond Its Emissions
- AI's Environmental Impact: Making an Informed Choice
- Are harvest now, decrypt later cyberattacks actually happening?
- Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index
- Carbon Emissions from AI and Crypto Are Surging and Tax Policy Can Help
- Carbon in Motion: Characterizing Open-Sora on the Sustainability of Generative AI for Video Generation [[CIM]]
- Carbontracker: Tracking and Predicting the Carbon Footprint of Training Deep Learning Models [[CTML]]
- Crypto and blockchain must accept they have a problem, then lead in sustainability
- Cryptocurrency's Dirty Secret: Energy Consumption [[CRYPTO]]
- Data center energy and AI in 2025
- Datacenters to emit 3x more carbon dioxide because of generative AI
- Designing sustainable AI
- Digital aspects and the environment
- Dismantling the Quantum Threat [[QUANTUM]]
- Ecological Awareness for the Decentralized Web
- Energy and AI [[ENERGYAI]]
- From Efficiency Gains to Rebound Effects [[EFF-REBOUND]]
- Generating AI Images Uses as Much Energy as Charging Your Phone, Study Finds
- Generative AI is a climate disaster
- Generative AI's environmental costs are soaring — and mostly secret
- How AI and automation make data centers greener and more sustainable
- How off-grid solar microgrids can power the AI race
- How useful is GPU manufacturer TDP for estimating AI workload energy?
- Hype, Sustainability, and the Price of the Bigger-is-Better Paradigm in AI [[HYPE-AI]]
- Improving Carbon Emissions of Federated Large Language Model Inference through Classification of Task-Specificity [[CELLMTS]]
- In battle against climate crisis, don't overlook the blockchain
- Learning a Data Center Model for Efficient Demand Response [[DC-EDR]]
- Ledger of Harms
- Let's talk about AI and end-to-end encryption
- Measure environmental Impact of your AI Implementations
- New Method Forecasts Computation, Energy Costs for Sustainable AI Models
- Offline Energy-Optimal LLM Serving [[OFF-LLM]]
- Optimize AI Model Training and Inference
- Overestimating AI's water footprint
- Prioritize Sustainable AI Design
- Refine Architecture and Assess Latest Trend Impacts
- Sustainable Ux in VR (PPT)
- Sustainability of Bitcoin and its Impact on the Environment [[BITCOIN]]
- The carbon emissions of writing and illustrating are lower for AI than for humans
- The cyber-consciousness of environmental assessment [[CYBER]]
- The Environmental Impacts of AI
- The Environmental Impact of ChatGPT
- The growing energy footprint of artificial intelligence [[EFAI]]
- The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals [[AISDG]]
- Too Hot to Compute: The Water Crisis Behind Southeast Asia's Data Centre Boom
- Towards Carbon-efficient LLM Life Cycle [[CELLM]]
- Towards Sustainable Large Language Model Serving [[SLLM]]
- UK Government urged to promote, prioritise and invest in sustainable AI to become global leader in AI frugality and efficiency
- Ultra-efficient AI won't solve data centers' climate problem. This might
- Understanding the environmental impact of generative AI services [[GENAI]]
- United Nations [[SDGS]]
- Unveiling Environmental Impacts of Large Language Model Serving [[UELLM]]
- We did the math on AI's energy footprint. Here's the story you haven't heard
- We need to talk more about AI's environmental impact
- Web3 and Sustainability
- Web3 and sustainability: Benefits and risks
- What is the environmental impact of LLM use on the customer's side?
- What is the environmental impact of Web3?
- Why Blockchain, NFTs, And Web3 Have A Sustainability Problem
SC: Automated tooling
SC: Quantum resilience
Guideline 5.23: Include responsible financial policies
SC: Fuel divestment
SC: Responsible finance
Guideline 5.24: Include organizational philanthropy policies
SC: Philanthropy policy
SC: Voluntary work
Guideline 5.25: Plan for a digital product or service's care and end-of-life
Guideline 5.26: Include e-waste, right-to-repair, and recycling policies
SC: E-Waste policy
SC: Recycling and repairing
SC: Refurbishment strategy
SC: Right-to-repair
Guideline 5.27: Define performance and environmental budgets
SC: Environmental budget
SC: Performance budget
SC: Human budget
SC: Measurable improvements
SC: Capacity and maintenance
Guideline 5.28: Use open source where possible
SC: Open source policy
SC: Collaboration
SC: Contribution
Guideline 5.29: Create a business continuity and disaster recovery plan
SC: Plan of action
SC: Audience awareness
Acknowledgments
Additional information about participation in the Sustainable Web Interest Group can be found within the GitHub repository of the Interest Group.
Participants active in the development of this document
Alexander Dawson, Andrea Davanzo, Anne Faubry, Antoine Abélard, Arnaud Levy, Berwyn Powell, Brett Tackaberry, Dennis Lemm, Diogo Abrantes Da Silva, François Burra, Iain McClenaghan, Ines Akrap, Iulia Raluca Ionita, Ivano Malavolta, Jens Oliver Meiert, Josh Kim, Laurent Devernay Satyagraha, Mike Gifford, Morgan Murrah, Owen Rogers, Romuald Priol, Rose Newell, Thibaud Colas, Tim Frick, Tzviya Siegman